The Martyrdom of St. Thomas Becket
On the 29th of December, 1170, Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury, was murdered by four knights of King Henry II while saying vespers, for refusing to acknowledge royal sovereignty over the church.
Church-state politics have always been delicate matters, since the earliest days of the church. The declaration Kyrios Iesous, “Jesus is Lord,” has inherently political implications. As the current Bishop of Durham, Tom Wright, has said of the statement, it states “Jesus is Lord” and furthermore declares that “Caesar is not.”
In the case of Henry II and Thomas, while the two were engaged in a power play over control of lands, buildings, money and authority, and the accompanying greed, there was an issue upon which Henry was justified, at least in principle. Unfortunately, his grasping, greedy approach to rule has masked this justified issue.
“Criminous clerks,” as the Constitutions of Clarendon called them, were clergy who were let off (too lightly in Henry’s terms) for civil and criminal offenses, because they were clergy and were being tried in ecclesiastical courts, rather than royal (i.e., civil) courts. On the surface, this perversion of justice on the part of the church looks glaringly obvious. What is not so obvious (on the surface) was that Henry was trying to use the church to advance his political agenda and to help him consolidate his power.
In the end, Henry and his knights wronged Becket and lost prestige in the eyes of others for his assassination. Beyond the murder, they violated the law of Sanctuary, which denies civil authority the ability to remove anyone from a place of worship by force. The Law of Sanctuary also requires that no weapons be carried into the same space, let alone drawn. This violation was what scared the populace - if the King could take anyone by force from a place of worship, who could be safe from injustice enforced by the King?
In the end, the Henry-Becket conflict involved two people defending unjust systems against each other, rather than either maintaining any sense of the moral high ground. Nevertheless, we might still justifiably consider Thomas Becket a martyr for his faith, despite the otherwise compromising circumstances.
